Journal articles
Author(s) | Title | Journal | Issue | Page | Category |
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Zeuli, Vincenzo; Maier, Christof; Diaz, José Manuel Suarez; Saeed, Fahed Ahmed; Tharamapalan, Jayapregasham; Germani, Carlo; Bayer, Lars; Atzl, Georg | Structural design of precast segmental lining reinforced by steel fibres | Geomechanics and Tunnelling | 4/2021 | 356-366 | Topics |
AbstractDubai Municipality awarded to Porr Besix JV the Project for the Main Tunnel component of the Deep Storm Water System. The tunnel will collect both rainwater and groundwater from approximately 500 sq. km and transfer the captured flow to the sea. The Design Builder JV selected COWI as Designer of the entire Project and IC Consultant as Design Checker for the Tunnels. The Project includes approximately 10.3 km of 10-meter-inside diameter tunnel in rock, three construction shafts and one drop shaft. The main tunnel will convey stormwater and groundwater flows from the EXPO 2020 area near the intersection of Sheikh Mohammed Bin Zayed Road and Jebal Ali Lehbab Road to the sea close to the EGA facility. The tunnel will follow beneath the road easement along Jebal Ali Lehbab Road and along Sheikh Zayed Road and continue to the pumping station. The tunnel traversed through the Barzaman and Fars formation with an overburden of 33 m with maximum water pressure of 4.4 bar and was excavated by EPB TBMs. This project is characterized by its dimensions with an internal diameter of 10 m and 350 mm of segment thickness, and by the use of steel fibre reinforced concrete in the precast segmental lining. The use of fibres aims to reduce the CO2 footprint obtaining an optimized design from the environmental point of view. These facts are associated to a complex design of precast segments, in order to ensure their structural competence and their integrity according to the durability requirements, under large thrust forces (temporary loads) and permanent load. Hence, considering such complexities, the structural design has been carried out producing a 3D structural model by means of a sophisticated FEM structural software. Results of the model allow to identify areas of the segment where spalling and bursting stresses are generated along circumferential joints and maximum value of those stresses in the temporary load cases. Moreover, a structural design verification of the segment has been undertaken considering the contribution of steel fibres class 4c, as it is set up in the FIB model code, aiming to ensure that the precast segments are structurally competent and fulfil the durability requirements of the Project. The article details the design approach and the independent checker design verification approach. The experience gained during construction is also reported, describing challenging aspects of the Tunnel execution and an analysis of the lining damages. x | |||||
Qi, Jia-Nan; Ma, Zhongguo John; Wang, Jing-Quan; Liu, Tong-Xu | Post-cracking shear strength and deformability of HSS-UHPFRC beams | Structural Concrete | 6/2016 | 1033-1046 | Technical Papers |
AbstractEleven T-beams, reinforced with high strength steel, were tested to failure to investigate the effect of shear span to depth ratio, fibre ratio, fibre type, concrete strength and stirrup ratio on the shear behaviour, especially post-cracking shear strength and deformability, of ultra-high performance fibre reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) beams. Test results indicated that fibres were efficient not only in enhancing the post-cracking shear strength, but also in improving the post-cracking deformability of UHPFRC beams. In addition, fibres could bridge the cracks and help in redistributing and homogenizing the concrete stress beside the cracks, allowing more short fine diagonal shear cracks with small spacing to develop around the existing cracks. A moderate amount of stirrups can effectively restrain shear cracks and allow more parallel diagonal shear cracks to develop and propagate thoroughly within the shear span. The stiffness of the UHPFRC beams at ultimate state was about 50 % of initial beam stiffness, which was considerable in strength calculations and ductility analysis, especially in seismic performance evaluation. Lastly, the current shear provisions were evaluated using the experimental results. x | |||||
Wieneke, Katrin; Kueres, Dominik; Siburg, Carsten; Hegger, Josef | Investigations of the punching shear behaviour of eccentrically loaded footings | Structural Concrete | 6/2016 | 1047-1058 | Technical Papers |
AbstractThe punching shear design provisions according to various codes have been derived from the results of tests conducted on centrically loaded flat slabs. The application of these provisions for footings and ground slabs might lead to inconsistent results since more compact dimensions and soil-structure interaction lead to higher punching shear capacities. In this context, Eurocode 2 introduced a new design equation for column bases, which was derived from the evaluation of test results from centrically loaded footings. x | |||||
Buttignol, Thomaz Eduardo Teixeira; Colombo, Matteo; di Prisco, Marco | Long-term aging effects on tensile characterization of steel fibre reinforced concrete | Structural Concrete | 6/2016 | 1082-1093 | Technical Papers |
AbstractThe paper discusses the effect of aging on steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) after 10 years. The aim is to observe the change in mechanical properties, especially of the residual post-cracking tensile strength, due to long-term aging. For this purpose, a comparison between the results of four-point bending tests (4PB) at the age of 1 year and 10 years was carried out and it indicates that aging affects the serviceability post-cracking residual strength, increasing fibre interfacial bond strength. Material classification is performed according to fib Model Code 2010 for 1-year old and 10-year old specimens. The objective is to estimate possible changes in the material class through the years. Three- and four-point bending test results on 10-year old specimens are described, together with a comparison between those tests. Both tests showed very similar results; slightly higher values were obtained with the three-point bending (3PB) test. The tensile constitutive law is obtained according to fib Model Code 2010 and is compared with results of direct tensile tests on cylindrical specimens and Double Edge Wedge Splitting tests on prismatic specimens. A plane section (PS) approach adopting the tensile constitutive law is applied to predict the bending behaviour in terms of nominal stress against crack mouth opening displacement and it is compared with the bending test results. x | |||||
Zimmermann, Thomas; Lehký, David; Strauss, Alfred | Correlation among selected fracture-mechanical parameters of concrete obtained from experiments and inverse analyses | Structural Concrete | 6/2016 | 1094-1103 | Technical Papers |
AbstractThe correlations among selected parameters of concrete were investigated for concrete mixes of the strength classes C20/25, C25/30, C30/37, C40/50 and C50/60. The focus was laid on correlations between basic mechanical parameters such as compressive strength, tensile strength and modulus of elasticity as well as parameters related to concrete fracture, represented here by specific fracture energy. Laboratory tests examining the fracture behaviour and mechanical properties were carried out in order to determine the fundamental concrete parameters. In particular, standard compression tests on test cubes and three-point bending tests on beams with central edge notch were performed. Additional material parameters were identified using the inverse analysis technique. Finally, correlation factors between different parameters of concrete were identified using the rank-order correlation method. x | |||||
Sakai, Koji; Shibata, Toshio; Kasuga, Akio; Nakamura, Hikaru | Sustainability design of concrete structures | Structural Concrete | 6/2016 | 1114-1124 | Technical Papers |
AbstractConcrete has become the most used material on Earth over the 200 years following the invention of modern cement. The design concept has undergone a transition from the allowable-stress design method, limit-state design method, to the performance-based design method, in response to the evolution of materials, sophistication of experimental facilities, and advancement of computation skills. From the issues on resources and energy depletion, global warming, and resilience etc., it is necessary to create a new design framework taking into consideration the required performance beyond the conventional concept, in order to construct infrastructure and buildings in a more rational way. In other words, we should construct a design system that sets the continued existence of the diverse and rich global environment as its most important criterion of value. In this paper, we review the design and technology system developed in the past and discuss it based on the above-mentioned new viewpoint, while constructing and presenting a new design system for concrete structures, focusing mainly on the concept of sustainability, which is regarded as the most important factor in achieving conservation of Earth's rich resources as well as sound socio-economic activities of humankind in the future, and we examine its feasibility. x | |||||
von Greve-Dierfeld, Stefanie; Gehlen, Christoph | Performance-based durability design, carbonation, part 3: PSF approach and a proposal for the revision of deemed-to-satisfy rules | Structural Concrete | 5/2016 | 718-728 | Technical Papers |
AbstractA performance-based safety factor durability design format is proposed and developed with respect to carbonation of concrete. Deemed-to-satisfy rules based on a partial safety factor design approach are developed for the carbonation of concrete. This design format follows the design procedure proposed in EN 1990 [1]. For the design format, the limit state equation for the carbonation is introduced in its probabilistic and safety factor format. The PSF approach has been used to derive design charts. Values for minimum concrete cover depending on material resistance and exposure class are proposed for critical environmental conditions and a design service life of 50 years. x | |||||
Di Carlo, Fabio; Meda, Alberto; Rinaldi, Zila | Design procedure for precast fibre-reinforced concrete segments in tunnel lining construction | Structural Concrete | 5/2016 | 747-759 | Technical Papers |
AbstractThis paper presents a procedure for designing precast tunnel segments for mechanically excavated tunnel linings in fibre-reinforced concrete, without any traditional steel reinforcement. Both ultimate and serviceability limit states are considered as well as structural checks at different construction stages of the segment, including demoulding, positioning on floor, storage, transportation, handling and the final stage concerning the loads due to the ground pressure. x | |||||
Yu, Qiang; Le, Jia-Liang; Hubler, Mija H.; Wendner, Roman; Cusatis, Gianluca; Ba ant, Zden k P. | Comparison of main models for size effect on shear strength of reinforced and prestressed concrete beams | Structural Concrete | 5/2016 | 778-789 | Technical Papers |
AbstractThis paper presents a critical comparison of the existing code provisions for the shear strength of concrete beams. The comparison is based on the computerized filtering-out of the inevitable statistical bias from the available multivariate database on shear strength, on an examination of the predicted size effects on shear strength and their underlying hypotheses and on the results of recent high-fidelity numerical simulations of shear failure. In addition to examining the existing models, the present comparison also provides several key considerations for testing the scientific soundness of any model of shear failure in concrete beams, which is necessary for future revisions to the design code provisions. x | |||||
Yang, Yuguang; den Uijl, Joop; Walraven, Joost | Critical shear displacement theory: on the way to extending the scope of shear design and assessment for members without shear reinforcement | Structural Concrete | 5/2016 | 790-798 | Technical Papers |
AbstractThis paper presents a new theory for the shear capacity of reinforced concrete members without shear reinforcement. While recognizing that there are multiple failure mechanisms, the theory attributes the opening of a critical flexural shear crack as the lower bound of the shear capacity. It proposes that the shear displacement of an existing flexural crack can be used as the criterion for the unstable opening of the critical flexural shear crack. Based on the theory, the paper presents a simplified shear evaluation model. Compared with the current shear provisions in the design codes, the model is characterized by good accuracy and a solid physical background. It demonstrates a great flexibility for dealing with complex design conditions. As an example, the paper discusses the possibility of extending the theory to the shear resistance of higher-strength concrete. The suggested method provides a more logical and fluent transition from normal- to high-strength concrete and shows good agreement with experimental observations. x | |||||
Figueira, Diogo; Sousa, Carlos; Calçada, Rui; Neves, Afonso Serra | Design recommendations for reinforced concrete interfaces based on statistical and probabilistic methods | Structural Concrete | 5/2016 | 811-823 | Technical Papers |
AbstractA concrete interface is a material discontinuity that requires special care with respect to structural design and assessment. Therefore, the definition of design expressions based on experimental testing data must ensure the necessary reliability depending on the type of structure and its use. The present work describes a new proposal for the design of concrete interfaces subjected to shear loading for different roughness profile types. The proposal is characterized by three linear branches (for monotonic loading) and an S-N curve (for cyclic loading) and is the result of a parametric analysis of existing experimental data (obtained by the authors and also from an extensive literature search) based on statistical and probabilistic methods. Design expressions were defined in order to minimize the dispersion and variability of the safety factor values for each experimental test considered and also to assure that those values are within a target range (defined according to reliability considerations). These improvements became clearer when the new proposal was compared with the most common design code recommendations. x | |||||
von Greve-Dierfeld, Stefanie; Gehlen, Christoph | Performance-based durability design, carbonation part 2 - Classification of concrete | Structural Concrete | 4/2016 | 523-532 | Technical Papers |
AbstractAt present, prescriptive regulations with regard to concrete cover and composition are applied to provide sufficient durability of reinforced concrete members under exposure conditions with different degrees of severity. In view of current knowledge on deterioration mechanisms and their modelling, it is planned to change from these deemed-to-satisfy specifications to a performance-based design approach in future standards. In such specifications, concrete durability design is based on the statistically characterized performance of concrete, determined in standardized tests with respect to defined classes of concretes with similar performance. x | |||||
di Prisco, Marco; Martinelli, Paolo; Parmentier, Benoit | On the reliability of the design approach for FRC structures according to fib Model Code 2010: the case of elevated slabs | Structural Concrete | 4/2016 | 588-602 | Technical Papers |
AbstractThis paper focuses on the reliability of the design approach proposed in the fib Model Code for Concrete Structures 2010 for estimating the ultimate capacity of fibre-reinforced concrete (FRC) elevated slabs on the basis of different tests for material characterization. The fracture properties of the material are determined through three-point bending tests on notched beams and through double edge wedge splitting (DEWS) tests carried out on cylinders cored in the full-size test structure. As a case study, an FRC elevated flat slab 0.2 m thick is considered which consists of nine bays (panels) measuring 6 × 6 m (overall size 18.3 × 18.3 m) and is supported by 16 circular concrete columns. The ultimate bearing capacity of the slab determined experimentally is compared with the design value predicted by means of a procedure based on limit analysis following fib Model Code 2010. The results show that the method proposed in fib Model Code 2010 using the characteristic values and the classification is reliable. Even if the tests are affected by a significant standard deviation and the two experimental campaigns with three-point bending tests give a significant difference between class “5c” and class “3e”, the structural test results in a loadbearing capacity that is always larger than the predicted one, which considers a safety coefficient for the material &ggr;F = 1.5. x | |||||
Hümme, Julian; von der Haar, Christoph; Lohaus, Ludger; Marx, Steffen | Fatigue behaviour of a normal-strength concrete - number of cycles to failure and strain development | Structural Concrete | 4/2016 | 637-645 | Technical Papers |
AbstractThe fatigue behaviour of concrete is gaining new relevance against the backdrop of continuous developments in concrete construction. Modern types of concrete are achieving ever higher strengths; hence, concrete structures are becoming increasingly attractive for new fields of application such as onshore and offshore wind turbines. The fatigue of concrete has a special relevance for these cyclically loaded structures and knowledge of the number of cycles to failure is no longer sufficient for their design. There are further questions concerning strain and stiffness development and the combination of fatigue loading and maritime environmental conditions which have been investigated with new testing methods at Leibniz Universität Hannover within the scope of the “ProBeton” research project. The first results of this project, which is supported by the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy, are presented here. x | |||||
von Greve-Dierfeld, Stefanie; Gehlen, Christoph | Performance based durability design, carbonation part 1 - Benchmarking of European present design rules | Structural Concrete | 3/2016 | 309-328 | Technical Papers |
AbstractThe paper reports on a benchmark of European deemed-to-satisfy rules for exposure class XC (carbonation exposed structural members). The benchmark of the descriptive rules was carried out following the probabilistic design approach for carbonation-induced corrosion developed in [1] and adopted in fib bulletin 34: Model Code for Service Life Design (2006) [2] and fib Model Code for Concrete Structures 2010 [3], respectively. To perform a representative study, three groups of European countries were selected, representing different parts of Europe, south (Spain, Portugal), middle (Netherlands, Great Britain and Germany) and northern Europe (Denmark, Norway). Reliability ranges for carbonation-induced depassivation of rebar were calculated for “favourable” and “unfavourable” design situations in exposure classes XC2, XC3 and XC4 [4]. In each design situation the deemed-to-satisfy rules of selected countries were followed. The probabilistic calculations were mainly based on short-term carbonation data. However, some calculations were also based on long-term observation. The latter was implemented for independent validation purposes. The calculated reliability ranges are very broad and in some “unfavourable” situations, the deemed-to satisfy requirements do not guarantee the required limit state (LS) arget reliabilities for the particular exposure. In “favourable” situations less stringent demands would have been sufficient. x | |||||
Debernardi, Pier Giorgio; Taliano, Maurizio | An improvement to Eurocode 2 and fib Model Code 2010 methods for calculating crack width in RC structures | Structural Concrete | 3/2016 | 365-376 | Technical Papers |
AbstractThe analysis of the mechanical behaviour of a reinforced concrete tie subjected to a monotonic loading in the stabilized cracking stage is performed here by way of a theoretical general model that considers the effect of the so-called Goto cracks (secondary cracks). It is shown, in particular, that the average bond stress along the transmission length depends not only on the concrete strength as assumed by the fib Model Code for Concrete Structures 2010, but also on reinforcement ratio and bar diameter. In this regard, tabulated theoretical values of the average bond stress are proposed as a function of the aforementioned parameters. Moreover, the secondary cracks reduce the effect of tension stiffening on the relative mean strain. On the basis of the main results obtained with the general model, some improvements are suggested for the calculation methods proposed by fib Model Code 2010 and Eurocode 2 concerning the average value of the bond stress and taking into account the influence of the secondary cracks on the mean deformation. An improved calculation method is therefore performed. Finally, the theoretical results of crack spacing and crack width obtained with the general and improved methods are compared with experimental data obtained from extensive research on RC ties. x | |||||
di Prisco, Marco; Martinelli, Paolo; Dozio, Daniele | The structural redistribution coefficient KRd: a numerical approach to its evaluation | Structural Concrete | 3/2016 | 390-407 | Technical Papers |
AbstractStructures made of a material with a very high standard deviation, such as fibre-reinforced concrete, exhibit an exceptionally safe prediction of the maximum bearing capacity when this is derived from characteristic values identified by means of small specimens. This is emphasized when the structures are characterized by high redundancy. In this regard, two reference tests representing two extreme situations are considered: a) simply supported unnotched full-scale beams characterized by a statically determinate loading scheme and b) full-scale slabs on the ground characterized by a statically indeterminate loading scheme. The Italian standard and, more recently, the fib Model Code for Concrete Structures 2010 have introduced a coefficient (structural redistribution factor) that is able to take into account the reduced variability of mechanical bearing capacity when associated with a large volume involved in the failure process and/or when the structure is able to redistribute stresses significantly, thus favouring the average rather than the minimum strength. A numerical procedure taking into account the expected heterogeneity of the mechanical characteristics in the structure is introduced for the first time to evaluate the redistribution factor. x | |||||
Ricker, Marcus; Siburg, Carsten | Punching shear strength of flat slabs - critical review of Eurocode 2 and fib Model Code 2010 design provisions | Structural Concrete | 3/2016 | 457-168 | Technical Papers |
AbstractThe fib Model Code for Concrete Structures 2010 introduces a new design concept for punching shear based on critical shear crack theory. This paper presents and provides the background to the design provisions for punching shear according to fib Model Code 2010, Eurocode 2 and the corresponding German National Annex to Eurocode 2. The different punching shear design provisions are critically reviewed by means of parameter studies and a comparison of the calculated resistances and test results. The safety levels of the code provisions are verified and the influence of the different punching parameters on the calculated resistances is examined in detail. x | |||||
Lima de Resende, Thomás; da Conceição Domingues Shehata, Lidia; Shehata, Ibrahim Abd El Malik | Shear strength of self-compacting concrete beams with small stirrups ratios | Structural Concrete | 1/2016 | 3-10 | Technical Papers |
AbstractIn comparison with a vibrated concrete (VC) of the same strength class, self-compacting concrete (SCC) typically has a lower coarse aggregate content and, possibly, a smaller maximum aggregate size. This may result in reduced aggregate interlock between the fracture surfaces of a SCC. Since aggregate interlock plays an important role in the shear strength of slender beams, SCC beams may have a shear strength lower than that of similar VC beams, but studies on that subject are still limited. x | |||||
Sangiorgio, Filippo; Silfwerbrand, Johan; Mancini, Giuseppe | Scatter in the shear capacity of slender RC members without web reinforcement: an overview study | Structural Concrete | 1/2016 | 11-20 | Technical Papers |
AbstractAll researchers who have tested the shear capacity of RC members without stirrups have observed a large scatter in the results. x | |||||
Blomfors, Mattias; Engen, Morten; Plos, Mario | Evaluation of safety formats for non-linear finite element analyses of statically indeterminate concrete structures subjected to different load paths | Structural Concrete | 1/2016 | 44-51 | Technical Papers |
AbstractTo increase the efficiency of new structures and perform safety evaluations of existing structures, it is necessary to model and analyse the non-linear behaviour of reinforced concrete. The applicability of the safety formats in present design codes is unclear for indeterminate structures subjected to loading in several directions. The safety formats in fib Model Code 2010 have been evaluated for a reinforced concrete frame subjected to vertical and horizontal loading and the influence of load history studied. Basic reliability methods were used together with response surfaces to assess the failure probabilities and one safety format did not meet the intended safety level. The results indicate the importance of load history and it is concluded that more research is required regarding how load history influences the safety level of complex structures. x | |||||
Coccia, Simona; Meda, Alberto; Rinaldi, Zila | On shear verification according to fib Model Code 2010 in FRC elements without traditional reinforcement | Structural Concrete | 4/2015 | 518-523 | Technical Papers |
AbstractFibre-reinforced concrete (FRC) without any traditional reinforcement is used particularly extensively in structures such as pavements and tunnels. The fib Model Code for Concrete Structures 2010 introduced the possibility of using FRC for structural design and it is becoming a reference document for such structures. The application of fib Model Code 2010 suggestions for flexural and axial forces, once the constitutive relationships of the material are defined, allows for safe design. However, shear verification is often a cause of discussion in the design community. The aim of this paper is to clarify this aspect and provide a procedure that can be followed in the design process. A case study is also presented. x | |||||
Mergos, Panagiotis E.; Kappos, Andreas J. | Estimating fixed-end rotations of reinforced concrete members at yielding and ultimate | Structural Concrete | 4/2015 | 537-545 | Technical Papers |
AbstractStrain penetration of the longitudinal reinforcement in reinforced concrete (RC) members at the joints and/or footings results in fixed-end rotations at the member ends. Several experimental studies have shown that fixed-end rotations caused by strain penetration contribute significantly (up to 50 %) to the total displacement capacity of RC members. Hence, accurate determination of these fixed-end rotations at yielding and ultimate limit states is of primary importance when defining the structural response of RC members. The purpose of this study is to present the theoretical background to and the assumptions made for the most common relationships found in the literature for determining strain penetration-induced fixed-end rotations at yielding and ultimate. Furthermore, new simple relationships are proposed on the basis of realistic and mechanically based assumptions. Comparisons between the existing and proposed relationships demonstrate the limitations of the former. Finally, the proposed relationships are calibrated against experimental measurements of RC column specimens subjected to cyclic loading with recorded fixed-end rotations due to strain penetration in the adjacent joints and/or footings. x | |||||
Baji, Hassan; Ronagh, Hamid R. | A reliability-based investigation into ductility measures of RC beams designed according to fib Model Code 2010 | Structural Concrete | 4/2015 | 546-557 | Technical Papers |
AbstractA reliability-based investigation into the ductility measures for reinforced concrete (RC) beams designed according to the current fib Model Code for Concrete Structures 2010 is presented in this paper. Based on the ductility ratio (= ratio of strain in tensile rebar to yield stress of steel), a limit state to ensure adequate ductility in RC beams is proposed. Results show that the ductility ratio generally follows a right-skewed distribution, and due to variability in the material properties and model error, there is high variability in the strain ductility. This high variability in the ductility ratio leads to a high probability of non-ductile behaviour for RC beam designs based on the code. This is more pronounced for normal-strength concrete and grade S500 steel. Based on a target probability taken from the literature, a modification to the allowable neutral axis depth advised by the code is proposed. The results presented in this paper indicate that more reliability-based studies of the safety factors provided by fib Model Code 2010 are needed in order to ensure adequate ductility in RC beams. x | |||||
Allaix, Diego Lorenzo; Carbone, Vincenzo Ilario; Mancini, Giuseppe | Modelling uncertainties for the loadbearing capacity of corroded simply supported RC beams | Structural Concrete | 3/2015 | 333-341 | Technical Papers |
AbstractThe probabilistic assessment of structures damaged by corrosion calls for deterministic models of the degradation of the structural performance and probabilistic models accounting for the uncertainties in material properties, geometry and models used in the reliability analysis. This paper describes the development of a probabilistic model of the uncertainties that arise from the prediction of the loadbearing capacity of reinforced concrete structures damaged by corrosion of the reinforcement. The investigation focuses on the flexural failure of simply supported beams suffering from chloride-induced corrosion. The loss of steel cross-sectional area, the reduction in strength and ductility of the corroded bars, the loss of bond between reinforcement and concrete and the cracking of the concrete cover are taken into account in a non-linear finite element analysis. The comparison between experimental results and numerical predictions of the failure load allows the quantification of the model uncertainty according to the framework proposed by the Joint Committee on Structural Safety. A Bayesian updating methodology is proposed to account for prior knowledge and experimental results. x |